Positive Thinking - Use it to Get What You Want

Comparing The Crime Control Law Enforcement - 1218 Words

When comparing the crime control law enforcement approach in contrast to the approach the rights-based approach to law enforcement it is import to the differences in being a crime fighter versus a public servant. The dynamics of each bring uniquely different philosophical objectives and outcomes for the public. What is the primary role of law enforcement? Some would argue combating crime is the primary role. Others would argue providing protection through service is the primary role. In either case, when examining each philosophy it is important to objectively view the outcomes each provides. Pollock (2014) states the crime fighter view, using the crime control approach, places law enforcement in an adversarial role to criminal violators. In this view, law enforcers are the direct opposition to criminal violators and the role of â€Å"law enforcers† is to enforce the law by catching violators and bringing them to justice. One may view the term â€Å"law enforcement† itself as an indicator of the crime fighter view where police and criminals â€Å"fight† figuratively, against one another. This is essentially establishes the view of criminals as the enemy to law enforcement (Pollock, 2014). It is much likening to the roles of enemy combatants in war or heroes versus villains. Interestingly, while anecdotally, depending on which side one is on, either side could be considered the hero or the villain. Some criminal violators live by a code of ethics in going about doing what they do, andShow MoreRelatedThe Federal Government Should Legalize Recreational Marijuana1577 Words   |  7 Pages to admit our country’s drug laws are doing more harm than good. The fight against drugs is not as effective as it was originally envisioned. Both the federal government and states have taken extreme measures and enforced strict laws to keep our cities and neighborhoods free of drugs. However, it is time for a change. And I believe this change should start by settling the conflict between federal and state drug laws. The federal government should decide all drug laws nationwide and give less sayRead MoreCriminal Procedure Essay1419 Words   |  6 Pagesdue process and crime control models, both created by Stanford University law professor Herbert Packer, represents two opposing method of principles functioning within criminal justice system. Although the models describe the important facets of the politics and practice of criminal justice, both have been criticized since presented by Packer in 1964. Presently both models are acknowledged a s imperfect standards to explain the politics and law of criminal justice. The crime control ideal representsRead MoreEssay about Domestic Violence In Police Homes1420 Words   |  6 Pagesdomestic violence is a serious problem throughout the United States. Unfortunately, it is also a crime that some officers perpetrate in their own homes. When officers - who are sworn to protect and serve in their communities - abuse their power and control at home, they violate the law. When this occurs, the victim, the family, the agency, and the entire community suffer. Officers are trained to maintain control, to use weapons, and to justify their use of force on the job. Officers also need to understandRead MoreWhy Law Abiding Citizens Should Care About The Treatment Of Criminals Essay1213 Words   |  5 PagesWhile taking part in a ride along and attending a deviance class this semester the question of why law-abiding citizens should care about the treatment of criminals has been raised qui et often. If they were not following the law than why should anyone care what kind of treatment they receive? They knew that if they got caught for their actions they would not be treated kindly. It should not concern those that are not related to the offender, so why does it matter? All of these statements could beRead MoreCrime Data Comparison1129 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿Running Head: Crime Data Comparison Crime Data Comparison [Writers Name] [Institutes Name] Abstract This paper is about the crime data comparison particularly on the offense of burglary in two different metropolitan regions of the United States. The increasing rate of the burglary offense in association with the number of occurrences reported is also discussed. In addition, the factors that are affecting to the crime rate in such areas have also come under discussion. Crime Data Comparison Read MoreTechnology And Science By Law Enforcement1653 Words   |  7 Pagesscience, and engineering to matters of law,† (2014). The emphasis here is the use of technology and science by law enforcement officers and agencies and is accepted and recognized by the criminal justice system. It is seen as scientific technology or Criminalistics, (Dempsey Forst, 2013). While technology plays a role in this, it is most recognized by the use of science by law enforcement and allowing scientific information to be admissible in the court of law. For this reason, forensic science isRead MoreViolent Crimes And Its Effects On Society1699 Words   |  7 Pagesregards in our society, since its is non replaceable or nonrestrictive. I predict violent crimes has a higher clearance levels of arrests. Than that of crimes that least affect a potential victim, such as property crimes. Because, many police agencies lack proper funding , which results in minimum officers. W hich results in higher priorities targeted towards the investigations, and manpower to violent crimes. Which our more known to the public, and tarnish a city and police force reputation, andRead MoreThe Patriot Act Title Vii Section 814 And 8161429 Words   |  6 Pagesthe aim of this paper is describe in depth The Patriot Act Title VII Section 814 and 816. These sections of the Patriot Act protects the citizens of The United States from the world’s newest form of terror; Cyber-Terrorism. The aim is to explain this law, its adequacies, and inadequacies in detail and to offer suggestions and solutions for its shortcomings. Commission of Cyber Terrorism In 2013, a man, investigators named the â€Å"Sexual Cyber Terrorist† extorted over 350 women by hacking into their emailRead MoreReflection On The Police Department856 Words   |  4 Pagesthroughout the day or night shift. Dispatch operators handle all calls from police, sheriff’s, and Grandview Plaza police department. Their duties also includes reports, printing information for officers and deputies, comparing stolen items with pawn shops in the area, animal control complaints and probably even more that I have not listed. There is organize chaos in the dispatch room but without these operators the police department and sheriff’s department would be lost. The pay is low, turn oversRead MoreThe Limits Of The Criminal Sanction Written By The Criminologist Scholar Herbert Packer Essay1619 Words   |  7 Pages The criminal justice system is finding ways and doing their absolute best to prevent crime and protect their citizens. Preventing crime is n ot an easy job, the system prevents crime by using their powers to arrest, prosecute, and sentences criminals to prison. Citizens need to feel safe in their environment that they are living in. However, since we are living in a constitutional and democratic society, where citizen rights need to be protected and have due process where people can be innocent

Children of Heaven Review Free Essays

Children of Heaven This movie made me very thankful for everything I have in my life, including my shoes. I found it sad that All could not Just speak up for himself. If All would have asked the man working the grocery store about the shoes, then he might not go to all the trouble in the first place. We will write a custom essay sample on Children of Heaven Review or any similar topic only for you Order Now I found it sad that the children had to work, and never got to play. The quality of life for this family bothered me deeply, and it made me blessed for the childhood that I had. The kids in this movie worked almost as servants to the adults, maintained pristine manors, and showed great perseverance. I noticed most of the adults in the movie were very strict, stern, and seemed like they were not afraid to beat a child. All made some of the highest grades in his class despite his hardships, he was a responsible kid. I Just don’t understand why he did not speak up about the shoes to his teacher, principle, or coach. It was sad to see kids having to stick together, and share a pair of shoes to prevent one of them from getting a beating. All’s sister should have asked the other girl wearing her shoes, where she got them. The girl may have Just given them to her in exchange for the en, or when she received her new shoes. This movie was one hardship after another, heartbreaking for me to watch. It makes me want to donate shoes for children who may not have any at all. It was sad to see people In the movie live In lavish mansion, and then compare It to All’s home. All’s dad was paid very good for his gardening work, this money would be a precious asset to his family. When the man at the mosque gave All’s dad the tools, this showed how the Islamic community supported the others In need. Overall It seemed Like a rough situation to me. How to cite Children of Heaven Review, Papers

Meaningful Nature Of The Ihrm Concepts Business Essay Example For Students

Meaningful Nature Of The Ihrm Concepts Business Essay Human resource is a critical tool for an organisation. Human Resource ( HR ) , it has been argued, is associated with developing employee s potencies, employee s behavior, attacks and beliefs in the personal businesss of the organisation. HR forces have the art of pull outing the work from their employees , their creativeness, accomplishments, labour use, and the gifted employees in-order to make the coveted assignment. The major maps of human resource direction covers diverse activities associated to concern. The critical point is the enrolment demands of the company which would be fulfilled through direct employees or the outside contractors, means off-roll employees or on-roll employees. The other maps like recruiting and developing the employees ensures that the work is done to run into up to their mentality. Managing public presentation issues and doing certain policies that are related to forces and direction policies addresses to the Torahs and ordinances ( Verena, V. 2010 ) . Human resources are multi dimensional and multi tasking in nature. The employees could connote the congenital abilities, captured cognition and accomplishments that are within them which could profit the organisations to improvize them. Current universe is clearly globalised, competitory, antiphonal, and advanced when compared to the earlier industry. Companies are emerging twenty-four hours by twenty-four hours to hotfoot in this planetary competitory market. A cardinal issue for Multi National Companies ( MNC s ) for illustration, is to win and develop the concern internationally. There should be a clear desire to understand the full concern and confront the competition globally ( Hammer, P. 2010 ) . The purpose of the essay is to see if it is meaningful to speak of the construct of International HRM. In order to react to this inquiry, it is necessary to give an overview on the rudimentss of International Human Resource Management ( IHRM ) , compare the maps with Human Resource Management and International HRM. In short, the cardinal factors and the constructs are identified in macro degree. The intent of IHRM is to enable the transnational endeavor to be a successful endeavor in the planetary degree ( Hammer, P. 2010 ) . The essay would demo specific tendencies confronting IHRM along with the nature of the IHRM by looking at the grounds for its growing and development. This essay will try to give an apprehension if it is of import to speak about the IHRM in the age of globalisation. The essay concludes that it is meaningful to speak of the construct of IHRM. DOMESTIC VS INTERNATIONAL HRM There is a important impact on human resource direction for globally based houses. Working in different environments might do jeopardies for the human resource directors. In order, to do effectual determinations in the bing concern environment it is necessary for the HR directors to cover with the employees cognizing their attitudes and patterns based on the planetary alterations and challenges. Domestic and International HRM are comparatively similar on a larger graduated table, with the strategic considerations which are complex and changing operational units, necessitating co-ordination across barriers, ( Torrington ( 1994, p.6 ) . Harmonizing to Schuler et Al. ( 2007, p.720 ) IHRM is HRM, maps and patterns originating from the schemes of international companies that affect involvements and ends of those companies. From the positions of Scullion, the term international HRM as the HRM issues and jobs originating from the internationalisation of concern and the HRM schemes, policies and patterns which houses pursue in response to the internationalisation ( Brewster and Harris, 1999 ) . However, Dowling says that IHRM significantly differs from the construct of domestic HRM, which is more affiliated with employees of one state ( Scullion and Linehan, 2005 ) , whereas IHRM has more significant influence from the environmental factors, the activities in the direction and it differs from the forces developing attack. Therefore, on the footing of these definitions it can be seen that, IHRM is the procedure of enlisting and staff development of organisations that work globally. But there are some differences from IHRM and HRM, like civilization, economic crisis, jurisprudence and societal development and even by using different national classs of workers ( Thambyrajah, L. 2010 ) . The characteristics that differ from domestic HRM and IHRM are differences in labor markets and labor costs, jobs of labour mobility, the factors of industrial dealingss and national counsel. Existing cultural factors and the assorted patterns of different states matter a batch while sing forces of international companies. Equally good they do differ from their varied direction manners which may take to struggles between the forces central office of the company and the foreign affiliates. The construction of labor disbursals do be in all states, the struggle arises from the varied direction patterns, civilization. For case, the Nike Corporation could be disposed for this state of affairs, in 1990 s the company was attacked for unethical facets of its sourcing policies. In Asiatic states where it gained immense net income, it was condemned for working inexpensive labor force ( Hendry, 2000 ) . The manner to get the better of the differences faced it would be helpful to develop their enlisting manner, orientation and stimulate workers because the relation with the workers, trade brotherhoods and the employers do hold a important difference in states and would hold an impact on the pattern of HRM ( Dowling et.al, 2008 ; Scullion and Linehan, 2005 ) . Diabetes EssayPresents, IHRM rely on advisers to a great extent as the demand on consultancy expertness would help on current rates of wage or redundancy protection in different states ( Dowling, 1999 ) . Recognition of the importance of effectual HR direction is important for a company in the planetary competition and endurance. As Schuler and Jackson note that for puting up foreign affiliates it is necessary to hold the capableness to pull, motivate and develop human factor which is critical in internationalising concern ( Myloni, 2002 ) . Interesting to indicate that IHRM is viewed by directors as an of import field which involves MNC strategic planning and control, besides some research workers like Brewster and Suutari describe the field as global , non as international . Nowadays the strategic nature of IHRM is pulling more and more attending from concern executives ( Cieri et. Al, 2007 ) . APPROACHES TO INTERNATIONAL HRM Harmonizing to Dowling ( 1999 ) the field of international HRM has been characterized by three wide attacks for its pattern. The first attack ( grounds provided below ) known as the cross cultural attack understands the elements of human behavior within an organisation from an international position. The 2nd attack which has been developed from the comparative industrial dealingss and HRM literature varies based on different states as its civilization, organizational pattern, and committedness are different. The 3rd attack focuses on the end accomplishment facets of HRM in MNC s. Tendencies in IHRM Human resource direction is a span between the employees and the employers in order to accomplish their common end of the organisation. The function of the HR director is switching from a defender and screener to the function of a contriver and alteration agent and it could be relevant to name the forces managers as the chief subordinate organic structure of a company. But, in a parental state, IHRM focuses on the maps like resettlement, orientation and interlingual rendition services in order to help the employees cope up with the tendency. Decision Yes it is meaningful to speak about the construct of IHRM as the topic encompasses different types of civilizations, different people and different geographic locations. But, what is of import is to understand the field as it is important. IHRM is a dimension of both human resource direction and international concern. Extensive developments within the field place the complexness of IHRM and demo the demand to appreciate the planetary tendencies to be successful in concern. Increasing growing in research and pattern in the field is answer for that. While choosing the employees, it is really of import to hold a careful penetration into the personal features of them. Beyond the general information and orientation information provided, if the employee does non work good on the cultural facets so they would be sent for preparation. The ratings among the employees be it a place state employee or a host state employee, it would be sing both the pros and cons on their public presentation. Compensation systems would be customized for local conditions as good back up the strategic indent of the company by the company named Chilli zephyr solutions Pvt. Ltd. The essay addresses on the IHRM and HRM phases how organisations achieve their vision, mission, and ends by holding consistent policies, regulations, ordinances, salary construction, inducements, and fringe benefits to avoid the comparings among the employees. IHRM is a underdeveloped field and has many facets that are to be learned and discussed. There are still arguments on the nature of the IHRM, as it changes over clip which was explained in the chief organic structure of the essay. But there are differences still taking topographic point and there is no understanding on what countries and maps of IHRM screens in malice of the history of growing started in the 1970 s ( Girgin, 2005 ) . For IHRM, WTO deductions of entry has non been researched decently and it clearly explains that these deductions affect the field well ( Rowley and Warner, 2007 ) .Consideration of WTO deductions is the lone one of many jobs and alterations impacting IHRM in the globalisation age like planetary terrorist act, alteration of attitudes towards callings and alteration of form of planetary dressing. Besides it can be stated, that in the nearest hereafter the figure of impacting alterations can increase which would at the same time alter the construct every bit good and would perplex the IHRM field. The construct is meaningful to discourse as it is critical for the companies in the planetary market, runing internationally pay a batch of attending on this field. Because success of the company depends on how good they manage the human factors. In drumhead, IHRM is a extremely dynamic and an evolving field. It has a positive support because it is been looked today as one the best manner to near in the competitory concern environment for the hereafter. IHRM includes everything that HRM involves but merely at a higher and more complex degree.

Modified Invasive Weed Optimization with Dual Mutation Technique for Dynamic Economic Dispatch Essay Example

Modified Invasive Weed Optimization with Dual Mutation Technique for Dynamic Economic Dispatch Essay Dynamic economic dispatch (DED) is one of the main functions of power system operation and control. It determines the optimal operation of units with predicted load demands over a certain period of time with an objective to minimize total production cost while the system is operating within its ramp rate limits.This paper presents DED based on Invasive Weed Optimization (IWO) technique for the determination of the global or near global optimum dispatch solution. In the present case, load balance constraints, operating limits, valve-point loading, ramp constraints, and network losses using loss coefficients are incorporated. Numerical results for a sample test system (10- unit) have been presented to demonstrate the performance and applicability of the proposed method. Index Terms dynamic economic dispatch, invasive weed optimization algorithm, non-smooth cost function, valvepoint effect.I. INTRODUCTION NE of the most important aspects of power system operation is its obligation to su pply power to the customers economically [1]. Power system economic load dispatch is the process of allocating generation among the available generating units subject to load and other operational constraints such that the cost of operation is minimum [2], [3]. And now a day’s quality requirements of power utilities are so severe, that the operators have to sort out possible means of minimizing the production cost so as to offer the most competitive price to its customers.This has led to the adoption of system models and other operational constraints more analogous to real life situations. Traditional optimization techniques can never accurately model the system according to mathematical solutions [4],[5]. To solve the DED problem, it is assumed that a thermal unit commitment has been *Corresponding Author Renu Sharma is with Dept of ICE, Siksha ‘O’ Anusandhan University1, Bhubaneswar, Orissa, 751030 INDIA(e-mail: [emailprotected] com) Niranjan Nayak is with Elec trical Engg Dept, Siksha ‘O’ Anusandhan University1,Bhubaneswar,Orissa,751030INDIA(e-mail: iranjannayak. el. [emailprotected] com) Krishnanand K. R is with MDRC, Siksha ‘O’ Anusandhan University1, Bhubaneswar, Orissa, 751030 INDIA(e-mail: [emailprotected] com), P. K. Rout is with Dept of EEE, Siksha ‘O’ Anusandhan University1, Bhubaneswar, Orissa, 751030 INDIA(e-mail: [emailprotected] com), O 978-1-4673-0136-7/11/$26. 00  ©2011 IEEE previously determined [6]. DED considers the constraints imposed on the systems by the generator ramp rate limits because mathematically DED is considered as second–order dynamic optimization problem [6].To extend the life of equipments, the gradients for temperature and pressure inside the boiler and turbine should be kept within the limit. This mechanical constraint is transformed into a limit on the rate of increase or decrease of electrical power output . This limit is called ramp rate limit which disti nguishes DED from static economic dispatch problem [7]. The DED can be solved by dividing the total load dispatch period into a number of small intervals, during that period load demand is assumed to be constant, and the system is considered to be time invariant for that period.Traditional approach of a DED with N units and T time intervals would require the solution of an optimization problem of size N? T— a considerably more complex task. Recently, hybrid EPsequential quadratic programming (SQP) [6], deterministically guided PSO [8], and hybrid PSO-SQP [9] methods were proposed to solve the DED problem with non-smooth fuel cost functions. Simulated Annealing (SA) [10] has also been employed for the solution of the DED problem.The DED problem becomes heavily constrained as these utilize the traditional approach of a DED, in which power generation is coordinated for the entire dispatch period. Differential Evolution (DE) is also applied to solve these DED problems [11]. It is also a stochastic method to solve multi dimensional problems to find the global optimum value. The Invasive Weed Optimization technique [12] is a stochastic optimization method that is based on the simulation of production, mutation and spatial propagation of weeds. The philosophy behind the technique is justified by the fact that eeds exhibit uncanny adaptability and persistence in reproduction despite imposition of adverse conditions, including many methods to destroy them. It applies the seeding and mutation of the parent plant with varying the standard deviation keeping the mean at the parent plant. The dual mutation presented in this paper removes the monotony of the conventional weed optimization algorithm and causes multiple mutation distributions to contribute to the variety of the seeds produced in parallel in a particular iteration step.This causes the algorithm to search for global optimum through the hyperspace created by the problem at hand more stochastically. Even th e selection of the mutation process for a particular plant at a particular iteration has been randomized to overcome the demerit of single distribution method used in conventional IWO. The proposed time-varying process of mutation is such that there is very less chance of missing the global optimum value for high dimensional problems and also make searching very fast. A high dimensional problem, in hich each parameter has a different impact numerically on the total output of the system, is not vulnerable to yielding solutions easily to an algorithm that follows a definite distribution. So, a dual mutation technique can yield better solutions than a single one for problems like DED. instantaneous. However, under practical circumstances ramp rate limit restricts the operating range of all the online units for adjusting the generator operation between two operating periods. The generation may increase or decrease with corresponding upper and downward ramp rate limits.So, units are cons trained due to these ramp rate limits as mentioned below. If power generation increases, P ih Ph i 1 (7) If power generation decreases, A. Problem formulation (8) P h 1 P d DRi i ih The objective function corresponding to the production cost where P h-1 is the power generation of unit i at previous hour i can be approximated to be a quadratic function of the active and UR and DR are the upper and lower ramp rate limits i i power outputs from the generating units. Symbolically, it is respectively.The inclusion of ramp rate limits modifies the represented as generator operation constraints (6) as follows. Minimize Fc where II. FORMULATION OF THE PROBLEM d URi  ¦Ã‚ ¦ F k 1 i 1 T NG ih (Pih ) $ (1) Fi h (Pi h ) a i Pi2h bi Pi h ci , i 1,2,3, , NG (2) dispatch. The cost function for unit with valve point loading effect is calculated by using is the expression for cost function Fi h (Pi h ) a i Pi2h b i Pi h c i e i sin f i h Pimin h Pi h (3) Where ei and fi are the cost coefficients c orresponding to valve point oading effect. Due to the valve point loading the solution may be trapped in the local minima and it also increases the non-linearity in the system. This constrained DED problem is subjected to a variety of constraints depending upon assumptions and practical implications. These include power balance constraints to take into account the energy balance; ramp rate limits to incorporate dynamic nature of DED problem and prohibited operating zones. These constraints are discussed as under. A. )Power Balance Constraints or Demand Constraints: This constraint is based on the principle of equilibrium between total system generation (? ) and total system loads (PD) and losses (PL). That is,  ¦P i 1 NG ih P Dh P Lh (4) where PLh is obtained using B- coefficients, given by PLh  ¦Ã‚ ¦ P B P ih ij i 1 j 1 NG NG jh (5) A. 2)The Generator Constraints: The output power of each generating unit has a lower and upper bound so that it lies in between these bounds. This constraint is represented by a pair of inequality constraints as follows: Pi min d Pih d Pi max 6) where, Pimin and Pimax are lower and upper bounds for power outputs of the ith generating unit in MW. A. 3) The Ramp Rate Limits: One of unpractical assumption that prevailed for simplifying the problem in many of the earlier research is that the adjustments of the power output are max( , ? ) ? min( , ? ) (9) A. 4) Fitness Function To evaluate the fitness of each individual in the population in order to minimize the fuel costs while satisfying unit and system constraints, the following fitness-function model is adopted for simulation in this article: ?F (P ) + ? ? ? P ? f =? 2 2 ? P ? P P . +? ? (10) . . . where ? and ? are penalty parameters. The penalty term reflects the violation of the equality constraint and assigns a high cost of penalty function. The Prlim is defined by P ( ) ? DR , P lt; P ( ) ? DR P ( ) + UR , P gt; P ( ) + UR P = P , otherwise (11) III MODIFIED INVASIVE WEED OPTIMIZATION Invasive Weed Optimization is a numerical stochastic search algorithm simulating the natural behaviour of weed colonizing in search domains for optimization of mathematically modeled systems.Adapting with their environments, invasive weed cover spaces of opportunity left behind by improper tillage; followed by enduring occupation of the field. They reproduce rapidly by making seeds and raise their population. Their behaviour changes with time as the colony become dense leaving lesser opportunity of life for the ones with lesser fitness. B. Details about the algorithm: B. 1 Initialization A random initial population is being dispersed over the D dimensional problem space uniformly within the lower and the upper limit which is considered as the initial solution.B. 2 Reproduction A potential solution represented by a row vector in the population of weeds (represented by the whole matrix) is allowed to produce seeds depending on its own fitness as compared to the lowest and highest fitness in the population at that iteration point. The number of seeds shows linear increase in production from minimum possible seed production to its maximum being a function of the fitness of the plant. So, a plant will produce seeds based on its fitness, the colonys lowest fitness and highest which increases linearly as shown in the figure 1. Fig. Reproduction of seeds in proposed invasive weed optimization algorithm nonlinear modulation index. ?initial(k) and ? final(k) are initial and final standard deviations respectively. The conventional IWO follows a singular mutation process. The mutated plants are obtained from parent plants which act as the mean of the normal distribution. ?m M ? ,? t (15) The equation describing this behavior is: ?plant ?min  § ? ceil ? ? plant u max ? ? max  © ?min ? min  · ? ? ? (12) where ? min and ? max are the set values for minimum and maximum number of seeds which can be produced, respectively. ?min and ? ax are the minimum and ma ximum of the objective function values for a particular set of population for a given iteration, respectively. ?plant is the number of seeds to be produced for a given plant whose objective function value is ? plant. This makes the procedure to concentrate on the highest fitness values in the search domain and hence increases convergence towards the group best value. The fittest weeds survive and reproduce in the next generation whereas the worst ones are eliminated from the growth process. B. 3 Spatial Dispersal Randomness and adaptation in the algorithm is provided in this part.The generated seeds are being randomly distributed over the D dimensional search space by normally distributed random numbers with mean equal to zero; but varying variance. The well-known normal distribution has a probability density function which can be represented as (x ? )2 where ? mis the mutated plant, ? is a random number which follows normal distribution with mean as ? and standard deviations as in the set of ? t. In this modified Invasive Weed algorithm, the mutation follows a dual strategy. The mutation strategy is selected randomly using a uniform random variable.A mutation process selection factor (Pm) is used to bias the mutation towards a particular distribution. For mutation of the seed, the parent weed of that seed itself is the mean for the normal distribution and the standard deviation of the random function used is given by ? t(k) which is time-varying with respect to time step t. The seeds (or vectors) that satisfy the selection using Pm undergo either the simple Gaussian mutation or they are mutated by a shifted and scaled Gaussian mutation operation. This operation gives a parallel probable search strategy to the algorithm.The mutated seeds produced by both the methods carry out parallel search in the D dimensional search space following their respective probabilistic mutation distributions. ?m ( 1 ? t )? ?M(? t )? t? (16) y f ( x) e 2? ? 2? 2 (13) where x is the random variable,  µ is the mean and ? is the standard deviation. This means that seeds will be randomly distributed such that they abode near to the parent plant which results in a thorough search around the parental domain. However, standard deviation (? ), of the random function will be reduced from a previously defined initial value, ? initial, to a final value, ? inal, for each variable in every generation as the procedure converges to the best fitness value. For each variable in the kth position of the weed, standard deviation is given by ? t(k) (itermax t)n (itermax )n (? initial(k) ? final(k) ) ? final(k) (14) where itermax is the maximum number of iterations, ? t(k) is the standard deviation at the present time step (t) and n is the where ? m is the mutated seed, ? is the original seed of the parent weed , ? is the scaling factor and ? is a random number which follows normal distribution with mean as zero and standard deviations as in the set of ? . The shifting and scali ng being dependent on the number of iterations completed makes the algorithm more explorative in the beginning of the iteration. This implies that the mutated seed dispersion is well spread all across the D dimensional space limited by ? min and ? max in the beginning. Later, as the iteration progresses, the standard deviation value gradually decreases and the algorithm becomes more exploitative in nature, thereby making maximum use of the existing superior solutions for local search. The seeds are now considered as grown weed plants which have undergone mutation.B. 4 Selection If the plant produce inferior seeds, then it would not survive, otherwise the seeds which are superior among their population, can cover a large area in huge numbers. Thus, there is a need of some kind of competition between plants for limiting maximum number of plants in a colony for practical implementation of the algorithm in a machine with limited memory. After passing a few iterations, the number of plan ts in a colony will reach its maximum by fast reproduction, however, it is expected that the fitter plants have been reproduced more than undesirable plants.By reaching the maximum number of plants in the colony, Pmax, a mechanism for eliminating the plants with poor fitness in the generation is applied. When the maximum number of weeds in a colony is reached, each weed is allowed to produce seed as mentioned in reproduction. The produced seeds are then allowed to spread over the search area. When all seeds have found their position in the search area they are ranked together with their parents (as a colony of weeds). Next, weeds with lower fitness are eliminated to reach the maximum allowable population in a colony.In this way, plants and offspring are ranked together and the ones with better fitness survive and are allowed to replicate. This mechanism gives a chance to the plants with lower fitness to reproduce, and if their offspring has a good fitness in the colony then they can survive. The population control mechanism also is applied to their offspring to the end of a given run, realizing competitive exclusion and better selection. C. Invasive Weed Optimization for solving DED problem The IWO algorithm applied for solving the DED problem is summarized below: C. Generation of initial Condition: Within the range specified for each generating unit, initial conditions have to be generated randomly. In the DED problem, the initial population is the initial random real power outputs of the generators. The population is denoted as Pik, where N is the total number of generating units (i = 1,2,†¦N) and k shows the time intervals (in hours) (k = 1,2†¦. 24). A single potential schedule can be denoted as: Potential Schedule PN ,1 ? (17)  »  » P , k PN , k  » i  »  » P ,24 PN ,24  » i ?A single schedule can be passed to the objective function to estimate the cost per day using the mathematical input-output relations of the system. To ac commodate each schedule as a row vector in the population, the schedules are reshaped as row vectors and a population of such row vectors is formed as given below. Population P ,1 i 1 1 1 ? P 11 PN ,1 P 1k PN , k P 124 PN , 24 ? 1, 1, 1,  »  «  »  « r r r  « P ,r1 PN ,1 P ,rk PN , k P ,r24 PN , 24  » 1 1 1  »  «  »  «  « P NP P NP P NP P NP P NP P NP  » 1,1 1, k 1, 24 N ,1 N ,k N , 24 ?  ¬ (18) where NP is the population size (r = 1, 2, †¦, NP). After generating initial population each individual (each row) is evaluated by passing to the fitness function and the cost is calculated. C. 2 Reproduction: After calculating the cost of each individual, the individual (the row) which gives the minimum cost and satisfies all the constraints is selected as the best individual. The individual having the highest objective value including the penalties is considered as the most inferior solution.Then a linear slope is computed accordin g to which the plants in the population reproduce. The individual giving less cost will reproduce more and the individual giving high cost will reproduce less. C. 3Mutation and dispersal: The feasible solutions for the generating units are mutated using the probabilistic dual mutation so that the new generating units will satisfy all the constraints and get the least cost. The mutation is done according to the time-varying standard deviation. The mutation process should be such that the new generating unit should not deviate much from the parent. C. Evaluation of each plant: Each individual or plant in the population is evaluated using the fitness function of the problem to minimize the fuel-cost function. The automatic satisfaction of power balance constraint is attempted by allocating the biggest generator the mismatched power. This step is applied only when the loss coefficients are not considered. In case of transmission losses, the loss itself being a function of generated powe r cannot be used easily to find the mismatched power. Equation (10) is used to evaluate the schedule inclusive of penalty for each schedule in the population.C. 5Termination Criteria: When the iterations are completed, the program is terminated and the best dispatch schedule is stored which satisfies all the constraints. IV SIMULATION RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS Here the IWO technique is applied to solve the DED for 10 unit system to validate the effectiveness of the algorithm. The experiment is carried out on a computer having Intel Core 2 Duo processor with 3 GHz clock-speed and 3GB RAM. The simulation software used for this purpose was MATLAB 7. 7. The data for the simulation of DED problem was taken from [13].The proposed IWO algorithm uses 8 control parameters like initial population size, maximum seed population, minimum seed population, modulation index(n), mutation process selection factor (Pm), initial standard deviation , final standard deviation and number of generations. By taking 25 trials, the best solution obtained for the problem is compared with the recently reported best results. The parameters taken for the IWO algorithms are: Initial population size(NP) = 20, maximum seed population(? max) = 10, minimum seed population(? in) = 4, modulation index(n) = 3, mutation process selection factor (Pm)= 0. 5, initial standard deviation(? initial) = 5, final standard deviation(? final) = 10-2 and number of generations(itermax)= 1000. Problem : Ten Unit System The 10 unit DED is done using this method to validate the effectiveness of the algorithm. The results are compared with the results given in [14]. The data for this is taken as given in [13]. The dispatch horizon is chosen as one day with 24 intervals. The parameters taken for this problem are P = 20, Max_P = 10, Min_P = 4, NG = 1000.The DED problem of the ten-unit system is solved by the proposed method in order to compare the results of the proposed method with Artificial Immune System (AIS) optimi zation as reported in the literature [14]. The load demand of the system is divided in the 24 intervals. The system data for the ten-unit system is taken from [13]. The simulation results are tabulated in Table 1. Table 2 provides comparison of the optimal system costs obtained from ?P 1,1  «  «  «Pk 1,  «  «  «P  ¬ 1,24 cost value $/h different methods. The convergence curve for the best solution of proposed IWO approach is shown in Fig 2.For the scalability of the problem the loss component B is taken into account and hence the equality constraint becomes more difficult to handle. The total time interval is divided into 24 hours and load pattern is taken according to that. The minimum total fuel cost obtained by the proposed method is 2,519,528$/24 hr compare to the best result so far by AIS as 2,519,700 $/24 hour with a difference of saving 172. 0 $/24 hr. generation schedule which results in lower generating cost per day. . x 10 7 7 6 IWO Convergence curve 5 4V C ONCLUSION 3 Dynamic Economic Dispatch is a complex optimization problem whose importance may increase as competition in 2 power generation intensifies due to deregulated power markets. This paper introduces a new modified IWO method 1 for the ramp rate limits and valve-point effect constrained 0 DED problem solution. The modified invasive optimization 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 No. of iterations implements dual probabilistic mutation and achieves better optimization by stochastically covering the hyperspace to Fig. 2. Simulation result of 10-generators system search.The comparisons of the results with other published techniques are reported in the literature. The results clearly indicate the superiority of the proposed technique in obtaining Table 1. Best solution of the proposed method Hours 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 P1(MW) 150. 4915 151. 0248 155. 2633 159. 7511 153. 4732 153. 2182 204. 7939 195. 8612 272. 4122 297. 0429 319. 9452 385. 5101 313. 0808 234. 2543 184. 2666 151. 6680 154. 6041 162. 0087 240. 4552 310. 5014 258. 4640 181. 6952 150. 3830 150. 2623 P2(MW) 135. 1026 135. 0950 143. 0757 144. 3443 140. 9293 175. 776 174. 3308 252. 7589 326. 0599 399. 7379 469. 1870 464. 6516 428. 3641 355. 0360 279. 4530 202. 1231 140. 3212 186. 1483 255. 0652 330. 0797 318. 5077 241. 5924 174. 7700 136. 0135 P3(MW) 150. 2901 177. 6299 251. 5504 311. 8992 281. 3345 333. 7739 336. 7093 338. 2089 338. 9737 336. 7214 338. 6820 337. 5278 339. 1240 339. 9914 339. 9695 306. 4620 283. 4979 304. 0022 311. 6329 339. 9473 338. 8327 259. 7133 228. 2250 153. 5858 P4(MW) 98. 7395 111. 1656 156. 9066 199. 1548 249. 0843 283. 4221 291. 9328 298. 8934 298. 1071 299. 6439 299. 3690 294. 7837 295. 8531 295. 9855 295. 8928 281. 926 261. 6619 288. 1384 299. 1992 291. 5209 299. 9920 260. 7732 246. 8937 240. 0228 P5(MW) 121. 4557 169. 9773 179. 2562 188. 7567 227. 5455 225. 7110 234. 1186 226. 3429 242. 6844 240. 9616 242. 9848 229. 4 335 240. 1859 227. 1472 242. 4442 240. 8853 235. 3062 235. 3486 231. 5476 242. 3394 242. 1989 237. 9403 189. 6318 140. 3746 P6(MW) 98. 3668 121. 7723 109. 5705 149. 3983 137. 0117 153. 2218 156. 2518 156. 3649 157. 5010 159. 0699 159. 4658 155. 8409 159. 8308 159. 9426 157. 2568 109. 0791 140. 0261 154. 0252 153. 5088 159. 2086 158. 2292 150. 6278 108. 5308 126. 6570 P7(MW) 101. 6669 125. 648 129. 1000 117. 4661 127. 3838 129. 4003 125. 2603 129. 1870 129. 8214 125. 5839 125. 6191 129. 6900 129. 8789 129. 2933 129. 9828 105. 1355 122. 7111 129. 9112 126. 4452 129. 0948 128. 3704 129. 7649 122. 1082 109. 8106 P8(MW) 81. 1441 61. 0316 76. 2356 83. 2820 98. 8998 105. 5534 119. 0414 104. 9613 118. 1167 119. 5519 116. 3985 119. 6392 116. 5446 119. 9611 93. 6535 118. 0159 90. 5640 112. 0406 106. 4538 115. 1262 119. 9239 105. 6221 83. 2299 72. 3638 P9(MW) 76. 6946 49. 8180 44. 1354 54. 6277 59. 9467 73. 0904 71. 2933 78. 4389 56. 4680 69. 5797 78. 5597 75. 6848 79. 8530 78. 4228 62. 935 51 . 3785 42. 2058 65. 9938 56. 7163 79. 6004 78. 6781 62. 4106 36. 7102 43. 8847 41. 7367 29. 8035 41. 7912 33. 3706 44. 0918 43. 3930 41. 7012 53. 9213 54. 8869 54. 1215 44. 2887 50. 5046 54. 0427 54. 9820 50. 0674 32. 3056 48. 8717 38. 8290 54. 3642 49. 8063 51. 5183 46. 9295 23. 9500 36. 4389 5000 P10(MW)) Table 2. Comparison of results for problem Total fuel cost ($/24hr) 2,519,528 2,519,700 2,572,200 2,585,400 Cost difference with proposed approach ($/24 hr) -172 52672 65872 [14] M. Basu, Artificial immune system for dynamic economic dispatch, Electrical Power and Energy Systems, vol. 3, pp. 131-136,2011. VII BIOGRAPHIES Prof. Renu Sharma received her BE in Electrical and Electronics from BIET,Davangere, Karnataka and MEE degree from the Jadavpur University, India in 1998 and in 2006 respectively. Presently, she is working as an Associate Professor and HOD in the ICE Department, ITER, Siksha ‘O’ Anusandhan University. She is pursuing her PhD in Power Systems and her field of interest includes Evolutionary Computation, Biomedical Instrumentation and Soft Computing Techniques Applied to Power System Optimisation. Prof Niranjan Nayak received his M. Tech. egree from VSSUT, Burla in the Power System Engg Presently, he is working as an Asst. Professor and in the Electrical Engg Department, ITER, Siksha ‘O’Anusandhan University. He ispursuing his PhD inControl Systems and his field of interest includes Soft Computing Application to Power System Control , Power Quality and Renewable Energy. Method Proposed IWO AIS [14] PSO[14] EP[14] VI REFERENCES [1]. K. P. Wong and Y. W. Wong, â€Å"Genetic and genetic/simulated-annealing approaches to economic dispatch,† IEE Proc. Gener. Transm. Distrib. , vol. 141, no. 5, September 1994. K. P. Wong and C.C. Fung, â€Å"Simulated annealing based economic dispatch algorithm,† IEE Proc. -C, vol. 140, no. 6, November 1993. W. G. Wood, â€Å"Spinning reserve constrained static and dynamic ec onomic dispatch,† IEEE Trans. PAS, pp. 381, February 1982. X. S. Han, H. B. Gooi and D. S. Kirschen,â€Å"Dynamic economic dispatch: Feasible and optimal solutions,† IEEE Trans. Power Systems, vol. 16, no. 1, pp. 22–28, February 2001. S. Kirkpatrick, G. D. Gelatt, Jr. , and M. P. Vecchi, â€Å"Optimization by simulated annealing,† Science, vol. 220, pp. 671–680, 1983. P. Attaviriyanupap, H. ,Kita, E. Tanaka, and J.Hasegawa, â€Å"A hybrid EP and SQP for dynamic economic dispatch with nonsmooth fuel cost function,† IEEE Trans. Power Syst. , vol. 17, no. 2, pp. 411–416, May 2002. D. W. Ross and S. Kim, â€Å"Dynamic economic dispatch of generation,† IEEE Trans. PAS,p. 2060, November/December 1980. T. A. A. Victoire, and A. E. Jeyakumar, â€Å"Deterministically guided PSO for dynamic dispatch considering valvepoint effect,† Elect. Power Syst. Res. , vol. 73, no. 3, pp. 313–322, March 2005. T. A. A. Victoire, and A. E. , Jeyakumar, â€Å"Reserve constrained dynamic dispatch of units with valve-point effects,† IEEE Trans. Power Syst. vol. 20, no. 3, pp. 1273–1282, August 2005. C. K. Panigrahi, P. K. Chattopadhyay, R. N. Chakrabarti, and M. Basu, â€Å"Simulated annealing technique for dynamic economic dispatch,† Elect. Power Compon. Syst. , vol. 34, no. 5, pp. 577–586, May 2006. R. Balamurugan and S. Subramanian,â€Å"Differential Evolution-based Dynamic Economic Dispatch of Generating Units with Valve-point Effects†, Electric Power Components and Systems,vol. 36:pp. 828–843, 2008. A. R. Mehhrabian, C. Lucas, A novel numerical optimization algorithm inspired from weed colonization, Ecological Informatics, Elsevier Science, vol. , pp. 355-366, 2006. M. Basu, Dynamic economic emission dispatch using nondominated sorting genetic algorithm- II, Electrical Power and Energy Systems vol. 30 ,pp. 140-149, 2008. [2]. [3]. [4]. [5]. [6]. Krishnanand K. R. received h is BTech in Electrical and Electronics from the Biju Patnaik University of Technology and is currently working as a Senior Research Associate (SRA) in Siksha ‘O’ Anusandhan University. His field of interest includes Evolutionary Computation, Digital Protection, Power Quality and Application of Soft Computing Techniques to Power System Optimisation. 7] [8] [9] Dr(Prof)P. K. Rout received his ME degree from the Thiagarajar College of Engineering, Madurai, Tamilnadu, India in 1995 and PhD from the Biju Patnaik University of Technology, Rourkela, Orissa, India in 2010. Presently, he is working as a Professor and HOD in the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, SOA University, Bhubaneswar, Orissa, India. His interests are in Soft Computing Applications to Power System Control, Power Quality and Renewable Energy. [10] [11] [12] [13]

The First Page

The First Page The First Page The First Page By Maeve Maddox One of the sessions at a writers conference I attended was set up like an episode of American Idol. Three New York agents played the part of the judges. Instead of performers, typed sheets of paper were the objects of their attention and wounding remarks. Conference participants submitted the first three pages of the novels they were working on. The agents said they would be able to tell from the first three pages whether or not the manuscript was worth reading further. In practice, none of the agents got past the first page of any 3-page submission. Some they read to the bottom of the first page, but then they started rejecting them before they got that far. Starts with dialogue. Toss. Starts with weather. Toss Theyre in an elevator! Toss Starts with a prologue! Toss. Then there was the submission that got tossed because the title had a misspelled word in it. If this writer cant bother to spell cemetery correctlyin the title, no lesswhy should I go any further with the rest of the manuscript?! Crumple, toss. That little demonstration makes me think that a writer must hook the reader with the first paragraph. Possibly even with the first sentence. Yes, there are plenty of successful novels that begin with prologues or weather, or dialogue. Theres probably at least one that begins in an elevator. Thats not the point. Agents have so many manuscripts coming at them that they develop reading habits to enable them to get through the slush at top speed. Anythinga misspelled word, faint type from a failing ink cartridge, an opening device the agent feels a personal dislike forcan send a manuscript plummeting into the waste basket. Agents want what readers want. Readers want a first paragraph that draws them into a world that already exists, not one that will be created as they go along. They want to find themselves in the midst of people who are involved in the life of that world, people they immediately want to know more about. Here are some opening lines from some novels chosen at random from my shelves. Would you want to read further? If so, why? (Diary format) 12th Day of September. I am commanded to write an account of my days: I am bit by fleas and plagued by family. That is all there is to say. -Catherine, Called Birdy, Karen Cushman. Mother died today. Or, maybe, yesterday; I cant be sure. -The Stranger, Albert Camus. When the power went I was finishing a ten-page report. My office turned black; the computer groaned to a halt. Helpless, I watched my words fade to a ghostly outline that glowed on the screen before vanishing, like the mocking grin of a Cheshire cat. -Tunnel Vision, Sara Paretsky. The small boys came early to the hanging. -Pillars of the Earth, Ken Follett. Renowned curator Jacques Saunià ¨re staggered through the vaulted archway of the museums Grand Gallery. -The DaVinci Code, Dan Brown. The early summer sky was the color of cat vomit. -Uglies, Scott Westerfeld. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Fiction Writing category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Homograph Examples40 Fish IdiomsList of Prefixes and Suffixes and their Meanings

How did race influence the positions of first-wave feminists Essay - 1

How did race influence the positions of first-wave feminists - Essay Example The agenda of feminist activists included such aspirations as equality with men in the fields of â€Å"education, professional careers, and culture; married women’s economic and legal dependence; sexual and moral double standards; women’s lack of control over their bodies; the drudgery of housework; low wages; and not least, women’s exclusion from politics† (LeGates, p.203). It is quite obvious that disparities between racial and ethnic communities do not feature in this list. This suggests that while racial minorities continuously strived for emancipation during this period, their struggles were recorded independent of the women’s movement. This apparent inconsistency is reflected in the fact that the leading activists of the first-wave feminist movement were largely white women of middle-class socio-economic background. A closer scrutiny of the movement betrays a double standard on part of the reformers, who, it seemed, â€Å"were content to accept the restraints of race and class as natural and inevitable†.(LeGates, p.197) The issue of race was more pronounced in North America compared to Europe. At the time of first-wave feminism, North America was largely inhabited by Caucasians who emigrated from Western European nations in the preceding two centuries. The leaders of feminist movement saw new immigrants from diverse ethnic and racial backgrounds as a threat to their own position of relative privilege. They were only too willing to perpetrate the racial prejudices and discriminatory practices of their male compatriots. As LeGates points out, â€Å"They used statistics to prove the numerical superiority of n ative-born Anglo-European women in the population, contending that the enfranchisement of all women would offset the foreign vote†. (LeGates, 257) The epitome of such attitudes is captured in the following sentiment expressed by Canadian feminist Margaret McAlpine, who advised the prime minister in 1911 that â€Å"Canadian

Examining Peplaus Pattern Integrations in Long Term Care, Research Paper

Examining Peplaus Pattern Integrations in Long Term Care, Rehabilitation Nursing - Research Paper Example The interpersonal process is growing energy for personality. Interpersonal processes comprise the nurse-client affiliation, communication and the duties of the nurse. Peplau’s theory insists on the value of nurses’ capacity to comprehend own conduct to assist others to recognize professed difficulties. This paper will explore the pattern integrations in Long Term Care facilities. Peplau gives the nursing process the meaning of a purposeful logical action guiding the nursing practice in giving assistance in an organized way. She also acknowledged four chronological parts of the interpersonal relationship. The Orientation Phase Peplau names this to be the part where defining the problem is done and it begins when the client meets the nurse as an unfamiliar person. The nurse gets to describe the problem and to decide the nature of the service required. The client then seeks help, expresses wishes and asks several questions, and gets to share preconceptions and the prospect of experiences. The nurse then explains various roles to the client and identifies the problems, and then uses the accessible resources and services to help the client. The Identification Phase Peplau explains this phase to involve choosing suitable professional support. The client takes part in setting the goal and begins to get a sense of belonging and the ability to solve a problem. This reduces the sentiment of hopelessness. The Exploitation Phase Peplau explains this phase as involving usage of professional support for other ways of solving the problem. The services employed are based on client’s requirements and interests. The client begins feeling like an important part of the setting and make employs techniques of getting attention. The values of dialogue techniques have to be used to comprehend and deal with the problem effectively. The client might fluctuate if left to be independent. Nurses have to understand the diverse communication phases and aid the patient in trying all means of assistance and ensure that advancement towards the last phase is attained.

Individual 3 international markets Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Individual 3 international markets - Essay Example Fixed income is a form of investment or budget type whereby the real returns rate or the periodic income is probably judge able and at predictable levels. This kind of investment therefore provides returns at fixed period of time and the final return of principal upon maturity. The annual or the monthly returns are of great importance to the association and the money again can be used in the other investment sectors to provide revenue for the association (Allen 2000). Stocks are types of securities that represent ownership in a company or in any corporation. They also show claim on the side o the corporation’s assets and earnings. Stocks are of two types, the common stock and the preferred stock. The common stock always allows the owner to take part in any voting exercise that is conducted at the shareholders meeting. They also entitle the owners to receive dividends. The common stock can also be termed as the ordinary shares (Allen 2000). During the liquidation of the company or any corporation, the owners are considered last after the owners of the preferred stocks. Preferred stock or the preference shares are those that whose owners do not have voting rights and can therefore not take part in any voting exercise that is held in the shareholders meeting. During the liquidation of a company the owners of the preferred stock always have prior claim to dividends as opposed to the owners of the common stock or when a company goes bankrupt. The cash was also sub divided into bonds, this is a debt instrument that requires the one who borrows, the issurer to repay the amount borrowed together with the interest over the period that was agreed upon with the lender (Allen 2000). In the portfolio breakdown, investment in cash took the lion share in terms of breakdown of the portfolio. Investments in cash to the teachers association are can be of greater impacts considering the

Brand Equity Case Study Nike Marketing Essay

Brand Equity Case Study Nike Marketing Essay The world constantly changes and disparities, however, some top brands seem to keep their leadership position in their industry to this day. Strong brands are amazingly durable and have the ultimate ability to overcome many challenges. Either does Nike. Since its creation in 1971 in the USA, the Nike swoosh is still one of the worlds most valuable brand despite of the severe crises. Ranked at 26 on the list of Interbrands Best Global Brands in 2009 with a brand value at $13.2 billion dollars, up 4% from a value of $12.7 billion last year, Nike is the best among sports brand, left the big competitors, Adidas and Puma far behind (Interbrand report, 2009). So how has Nike got ahead and stayed ahead? Figure 1: Swoosh = achievement. Source: www.nikefootball.com This article will be employed Elliott and Percys structural framework of brand equity synthesis to investigate in four dimensions of Nike brand equity, namely: brand attitude (functional and emotional features), symbolic meaning, brand awareness and brand loyalty to draw the deposit picture of Nike brand equity in the sportswear industry. About Nike In 1962, inspired by athlete aspiration, Bill Bowerman and Phil Knight shook their hand to cofounded Blue Ribbon Sports, precursor of Nike. The initial business then was to distribute low-cost and high quality Japanese athletic shoes to American. Today, Nike not only designs and sells athletic shoes at every profitable market worldwide, but also operates in athletic apparel, sport equipment and subsidiary venture including Cole Haan, Converse Inc., Hurley International LLC, Nike Golf and Umbro Ltd (Nike report, 2009). Headquartered at Oregon, United States, Nike has been presented across more than 160 countries around the world targeting its primary market regions: United States, Europe, Asia Pacific and the Americas. Nike employs about 32,500 people as of May 31, 2008 (Datamonitor Research, 2009). By indirect or direct way, Nike touches the lives of millions more with its innovative products that transform every sport into a winning battle (Superbrands, 2002). Nike customers The decade ago, Bill Bowerman, the co-founder of Nike once said If you have a body, you are an athlete (Nike company overview, 2010). This motto transmitted not only the whole brand characteristics but also the main targeted customers. They are athletes and anyone with a body. Nike offers a wide product portfolio of sport-inspired lifestyle apparel, accessories and equipment. Nike provides athletic footwear for runners, trainers and basketball players. The company also offers shoes and equipments specially designed for those addicted tennis and golf players and etcetera. Such diverse product extensions enable the company to satisfy the varied athletic needs of its customers (Datomonitor Research, 2009) Nike and its rivals Sportswear has been a thriving market in recent years. According to the research Global footwear: Industry profile releasing by Datomonitor in 2009, the global footwear market generated total revenues of $ 196,617 million in 2008. Thus, Nike has experienced intense competition from the moment its first sporting shoes being introduced to their customers. Globally, this market is dominated by the big three namely Nike, Adidas, and Puma (Sport+Markt Report, 2008; Keynote Report, 2010). Adidas Adidas was truly the first sports company, it was founded in 1920. They once really blew in the decade of 70s and 80s. By the early 90s, Adidas realized itself forgotten in the back of game. In the 21st century, the brand has steadily affirmed its position and seems on renaissance. Adidas brand increased its value at 6%, ranked 62th on the list of Best Global Brands 2009 and continued to take the second largest sporting goods manufactures behind Nike (Interbrand, 2009) The overall Adidas brand competes straightly and closely with Nikes value proposition. Nike aims To bring inspiration and innovation to every athlete in the world, meanwhile, Adidas mission is Improving every athletes performance through innovation. The brand values of Adidas have been claimed that authenticity, inspiration, honesty and commitment are derived from sport. (Datamonitor research, 2009) Puma Figure 1: the leaping puma symbolizes the combination of speed, power and elegance exhibited by professional athletes Placed at 97th, Puma brand appeared at the first time on the Interbrand annual report. Interbrand analysts gave the positive compliments for Pumas effort to compete against the big rivals. Through new design, co-branding and partnerships with celebrities and famous designers such as Alexander McQueen and Hussein Chalayan, Puma refreshes their brand image. The company defines its brand as the mixes of sport, lifestyle and fashion to increase its desirability (Puma report, 2009). The Puma brand differentiates itself from Nike by communicating lifestyle driven style with active lifestyle themes whereas Nike focusing on performance driven style. Nike brand equity Having and holding customers is likely to be a competitive battle which each brand tries all efforts to win. They compete for functional attributes, distinctive services or innovative technologies (Aaker, 1991). So what are emotional and functional benefits which Nike provides for their customers? Functional and emotional features of the brand Since Nike was set up by someone who has a deep passion for athletics and running, it should come no surprise that product is important. Products that are comfortable, authentic, functionally innovative and uniquely designed (Nike report, 1985). The innovative technology is considered as one of the defining dimensions of Nikes brand identity and corporate culture. The simple driving concept has led to some impressive innovations which is considered as one of the defining dimensions of Nikes brand identity and corporate culture. The first highlight was Air cushioning, using pressurized gas to cushion impact and new materials such as Urathane, that was used first with the Air Max running shoes (Nike report, 1987). More recently, to obtain maximum performance, Nike Sport Research laboratory has discovered the innovative technology such as Shox, which are made mostly of rubber and spring back adding more power to a runners stride and Total 90 Concept, a range of equipment to help players perform over 90 minutes of a soccer match (Keller, 2008) Such innovative technology which Nike has used has gained the strong hold in consumers perceptions. The research of Ross and Harradine (2004) focusing on relationship between young school children and branding, particularly sportswear shoes brands showed that children aged from 4 7 years old believed that these brands could improve their personal performance. They do very fast shoes. They make you run faster. They are also comfortable and look good, they added. Clearly, functional benefit is the fundamental and classical features to communicate with customers. However, if Nike just provided high quality running shoes to enhance athletic performance, Nike would not be strong brands. According to Aakers (1991), big brands need to be beyond the purely functional relationships. They should create a more strong emotional attachment with core consumers because emotional bene ­fits add richness and depth to the brand and the experience of owning and using the brand (Aakers, 2009) Figure 2: Nike Commitment to win Source: Nikefootball.comGuinn et al (p219, 2008) stated that Nike offers emotional benefits which are the exhilaration of athletic performance excellence; feeling engaged, active, and healthy; exhilaration from admiring professional and college athletes as they perform wearing your brand when they win, you win too. Associated brand with the top athletes, Nike tells story of brands which the main themes is sportsmanship and unrelenting effort. These are the story of Michael Jordan who won a record 10th scoring title and was selected as one of the 50 Greatest Players (NBA history, 2010) in Americans National basketball association championship. Lance Armstrong survived and won a second straight Tour de France while Tiger Woods completed the career Grand Slam, ensuring his place in golf history at the age where most of us are still wondering what we will do when we grow up (Nike report, 2000). The most three prominent athletes has generated the inspiration for young and next generation of athletes. Nike has succeeded to transfer their inspirations to every single purchaser. Wearing every pair of Nike shoes is to engage a passion for excellence and encourage to do your own thing. Just do it the tagline could sum up all the greatest values of brand which is (Superbrands case study, 2002). Symbolic meaning Products are no longer just products, they move beyond the functional meanings. Nowadays, they are definitely social tools serving as a means of communication between the individual and his significant references (Grubb and Grathwohl, 1967 as cited by Banister and Hogg, 2003). Products are considered as a symbol of individuality and uniqueness, and also symbol of affiliation and social identification. It is particularly trued with the fashion brands. Fashion brands such as clothes, bags, shoes and etc satisfy opposing functions, both social identification and distinction among individuals (Banister Hogg, 2003) Nike must have understood the recipe well. The Just do It campaign in the early 1990s would be a perfect example. Losing ground to archrival Reebok which was quick initiative on designing style, fashion aerobics shoes in 1980s (Keller, 2008), Nike responded dramatically and forcefully by launching the Just do it campaign which was mainly focused on person wearing on products instead of product itself. Purchasing an athlete-endorsed product is one means of symbolically and publicly demonstrating aspirations to be a part of the group and such behaviors are directly influenced by the extent to which a fan identifies with an athlete endorser Carlson and Donavan (2008)Heroes and hero worship was being built as the main themes of advertising. Celebrity endorsements such as Bo Jackson, John McEnroe and Michael Jordon appealed to the consumers sense of belonging and hipness. In other words, Americans consumers were convinced that wearing for every part of your life was smart (the shoes are designed for comfort) and hip (everyone else is wearing them; you too can belong to this group) (CFAR, 1998). Just Do It campaign succeeded (Nike increased its share of the domestic sport shoe business after launching this campaign in America from 18 percent to 43 percent, regained the leader position) because it could fascinate customers in both separating ways. Wearing Nike as a self fulfilling image declaration if you are hip, you are probably wearing Nike. But perhaps most importantly, it could create the desirable needs -if you want to be hip, wear Nike (CFAR, 1998). Symbolic meanings of Nike brand are also tracked in the research on Symbolic and functional positioning of brands of Bhat and Reddy (1998). This study showed that Nike scored high on the prestige and personality expression scales (See Appendix). The findings of Hogg et al (1998) also support the success of attached the symbolic and emblematic meanings to sportswear brands. The youth showed facility in interpreting the symbolic meanings attached to the sports brands which were associated with the different sports stars (such as footballers, rugby players, athletes and tennis players) and with different sports (e.g. football and rugby.) Brand Loyalty Luring by good shoe with innovative functionality and athletic aspiration value, Nike has indeed come to mind and heart of its customers. By the mid of 1990s, 77 percent of male Americans from the age of 18 to 25 chose Nike as their favourite shoe, according to Rozanski et al (1999). The figure still remains stably despite of that up and down year Nike has been experience, gaining the high score of customer satisfaction at 79 percent rated by The American Customer Satisfaction Index Organization (2009). Figure: 3NIKE The American Customer Satisfaction Index Base- line 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 Previous Year % Change First Year % Change All Others NM 73 76 79 79 78 81 81 83 79 81 83 82 83 1.2 13.7 Athletic Shoes 79 74 74 76 79 76 79 79 82 77 76 79 79 80 1.3 1.3 NIKE 82 74 73 73 78 74 76 76 78 75 72 75 78 79 1.3 -3.7 adidas 75 74 74 75 78 73 76 74 77 75 78 77 78 78 0.0 4.0 Source: American customer satisfaction index organization, 2010 It could be said that loyalty to the Nike brand is driven by many external and internal factors such as brands subjective and objective characteristics and loyalty building programs. One visible example of creating innovative method to capture the strong relationships with Nike users is that creating Joga.com, a social network site for foot ball fans. Launching quietly in the early 2006, the site became an instant hit, peaking at 7.5 million viewers when Nike showed Ronaldinho video clips, according to Nike (2006). More than 1 million members from 140 countries signed up by mid July. In this site, fans can create their personal blogs, build communities around favorite teams or players, download video and organize pickup games. By enrolling consumers in building and shaping the content of the website, Nike pulled their loyal customers closer, nurtured deeper bonds of loyalty and advocacy. (Kotler and Amstrong, 2007) Brand Awareness Brand awareness is the first and crucial stage of consumers preference. It refers to the strength of a brands presence in the consumers mind (Aakers, 1996). Nike has been successful in building awareness. The Swoosh symbol has been appeared everywhere, on shoes, hats, billboards and soccer balls across the globe too remarkably to such extent that one author used the title The Swooshification of the World on Sports Illustrated column that imaged a future in which the swoosh could surpass sports to become a letter of the alphabet and the new presidential seal, among other things(Keller, 2008). True be told, the recognition of the swoosh is extremely high. According to Keller (2008), as of 2000, 97 percent of American citizens recognized the brand logo, as the strong brand penetration. The studying of Arona and Stoner (2009) on understanding brand personality also assists this fact. The findings indicated that Nike was perceived as a dominant force or authority in the market place, reaching at nearly 90 percent (Figure below) Figure 4: The difference between Nike and Adidas. Source: Arora, R. and Stoner, C. (2009) a mixed method approach to understanding brand personality, Journal of product and Brand management, 18(4), 272-283. The results of Ross and Harradines research (2004) on brand recognition and awareness on children is also supportive, which showed that Nike could be recognized consistently without identification of brand name, even by the youngest group (aged from 4 to 6 years old). This perhaps may reflect the general level of advertising and promotion that children are exposed to. How has Nike done to build brand awareness? Sponsorships, advertising and experience focused retailing (Nike town) are three vivid channels that Nike has applied to enhance its brand image and awareness. Among these strategies, athlete endorsements could be considered as the most significant success of Nike brand. Nike has been invested millions of dollars to associate their brand names with easily recognizable athletes with the aim of brand image building (1.6 billion dollars is spent on multiyear athlete endorsement by Nike according to Horrow (2007). Athletes at the top of their respective sport such as Micheal Jordan, Tiger Woods, and Lance Armstrong who are well liked and respected by members of the brands target audience are chosen as endorsers to associate the Nike brand with the athletes celebrity image. This strategy has been paid off, for example, since Tiger Woods and Nike cooperated, annual sales for Nike Golf have exceeded to nearly $500 million dollars with an estimated 24 percent growth per year in the first five years of the agreement (Pike, 2006 cited by Carlson and Donavan, 2008). Conclusion Since the Nike name is chosen in 1971 with the concepts of victory, success and speed, Nike has been keeping its great speed in the fierce competitive environment. Building brand image and its associations around a famous person and conducting the two way conversation with power consumers through innovative digital channels, Nike has hold the strong presence in the heart of consumers. REFERENCE Aaker, D., 1996. Building strong brands. New York: The Free Press Aaker, David A., 1991. Managing Brand Equity. New York: The Free Press Elliot, R. and Percy, L., 2007, Strategic brand management, Oxford: Oxford University Press Guinn, T., 2008. Advertising and Integrated brand promotion. South Western: South Western Educational Publishing. Keller, K., 2008. Best practice cases in branding: lessons from the worlds strongest brands. 3rd Ed. NJ : Pearson/Prentice-Hall. Kotler, P., and Armstrong, G., 2007. Marketing: an introduction. 8th Ed. N.J. : Pearson Prentice Hall Aaker, D. (2009) Beyond functional benefits, Marketing news, 30, 23-24. Arora, R. and Stoner, C. (2009) a mixed method approach to understanding brand personality, Journal of product and Brand management, 18(4), 272-283. Banister, E., and Hogg, M. (2003) Negative symbolic consumption and consumers drive for self-esteem, the case of the fashion industry, European Journal of Marketing, 38(7),850-868. Carlson, B., and Donavan, T. (2008) Concerning the Effect of Athlete Endorsements on Brand and Team-Related Intentions, Sport Marketing Quarterly, 17 (3), 154-162. Court, D. et al. (1997) If Nike can just do it, why cant we, The McKinsey quarterly, 3, 24-34. Hogg, M., Bruce, M. and Hill, A. (1998) Fashion brand preferences among young consumers, International Journal of Retail Distribution Management, 26 (8), 293-300. Ross, J. and Harradine, R. (2004) Im not wearing that! Branding and young children, Journal of Fashion Marketing and Management, 8(1),11-26. Ross, J., and Harradine, R. (2004) Im not wearing that! Branding and young children, Journal of Fashion Marketing and Management, 8 (1),11-26. Rozanski, H., Baum, A., and Wolfsen, B. (1999) Brand Zealots: realizing the full value of emotional brand loyalty, Strategy and Business Fourth Quarter ,19, [Online] Available at http://www.strategy-business.com/article/13741?gko=31937 The American Customer Satisfaction Index, Score by company NIKE, [Online] Available at: http://www.theacsi.org/index.php?option=com_contenttask=viewid=149Itemid=157c=NIKE (accessed 20/05/2010). Brandrepublic (2002) Superbrands Case Studies Nike, [Online] Available from:http://www.brandrepublic.com/news/148384/superbrands-case-studies-nike/(accessed 22/04/2010) Center for Applied Research CFAR (1998) Mini case study Nike -Just do it advertising campaign, [Online] Available from: http://www.cfar.com/Documents/nikecmp.pdf(accessed 20/05/2010) Datamonitor research (2009), Nike, Inc. Company profile, [Online] Available from: http://www.datamonitor.com/store/Product/nike_inc?productid=8E563969-FC1C-4D3A-8EEE-F9D79F81F0C3 (accessed 14/04/2010) Datamonitor research (2009), Global footwear industry profile, [Online] Available from: http:www. datamonitor.com (accessed 14/04/2010) Horrow, R. (2007), A countdown of 10 top sports and entertainment business issues, [Online] Available from http://community.foxsports.com/blogs/TheSportsProfessor (accessed 22/05/2010) Interbrands annual report (2009), Best global brands, , [Online] Available from: http://www.interbrand.com/best_global_brands.aspx?year=2008langid=1000 (accessed 14/04/2010) Keynote Report (2010), Clothing, Personal Goods Home Goods 2010, [Online] Available from: www.keynote.com (accessed 18/05/2010) National basketball championship, NBA Encyclopedia playoff edition, [Online] Available from: http://www.nba.com/history/players/jordan_bio.html (accessed 22/05/2010) Nike (2010), Company overview, [Online] Available from: http://www.nikebiz.com/company_overview/ (accessed 12/04/2010) Nike report (2000), Nike annual Report 2000, [Online] Available from: http://invest.nike.com/phoenix.zhtml?c=100529p=irol-reportsOther (accessed 16/05/2010) Puma (2009) About company, [Online] Available from: http://www.puma.com/about (accessed 12/04/2010) Sport+Markt Report (2008), Jersey Report 2008/2009 , [Online] Available from: http://www.sportundmarkt.de/en/reports/list/jersey-report-200809.html (accessed 18/05/2010) Superbrands (2002) Nike Company, [Online] Available from: http://uae.superbrandsmena.com/images/spreads/NIKE%204-4.pdf (accessed 22/04/2010)

Climate Change: Global Emissions of Green House Gases Essay -- Environ

There are growing concerns about climate change and the effect of ‘greenhouse gases’ (GHG) on the gradual increase in world temperatures over time, now commonly known as global warming. The ‘greenhouse effect’ means that ‘greenhouse gases’ such as water vapour (H2O), carbon dioxide (CO2), methane, nitrous oxide, and fluorocarbons insulate the Earth by absorbing heat from the Earth’s surface and reflecting it back into the atmosphere, acting in a similar way to a thermal blanket (Houghton, 2005). Although associated in recent times with pollution and climate change, the ‘greenhouse effect’ is essential for the continuity of the Earth’s climate (Karl and Trenberth, 2003). However, since the beginning of the Industrial Revolution (from the 18th to the 19th Century), the burning of fossil fuel meant that the greenhouse effect went from simply protecting the Earth’s climate to causing an actual increase in world temperatures (Martinez, 2005; Houghton, 2005). The gaseous culprit is the seemingly innocuous CO2, although harmless in the right atmospheric proportions, it is nevertheless a very powerful insulator and heat reflector (Houghton, 2005). Since 1750, the concentration of CO2 has increased by over 30% and is now at a higher level than it has been for thousands of years (Martinez, 2005; EPA, 2007). In fact, it is argued that if no action is taken to curb these emissions, then the concentration of CO2 will rise throughout the remainder of this century to two or three times its preindustrial level (Houghton, 2005). The Scientific evidence on global warming dates as far back as the second half of the 19th Century and the work of physicist John Tyndall and chemist Svente Arrhenius. It was particularly accelerated in the past 20... ...add around 7 meters to the world’s sea level (Gregory et al., 2004), with extremely damaging results for mankind and the ecosystem (Houghton, 2005). Global emissions of CO2 to the atmosphere from fossil fuel burning are approaching 7 billion tonnes of CO2 per annum and are rising rapidly (Houghton, 2005; Stern, 2006). In fact, energy related emissions are forecasted to grow by over 2% per year over the next 30 years, if the world community continue with ‘business as usual’ (Stern, 2006). However, emissions during the 21st century must be reduced to a fraction of their present levels before the century’s end in order to stabilize CO2 concentrations (Houghton, 2005; Stern, 2006). Effective responses require collective action (Stern, 2006) and global efforts are needed to develop global solutions to overcome these global problems (Houghton, 2005, Stern, 2006).

Colgate’s Distateful Toothpaste

The mission statement for Colgate is â€Å"Our three fundamental values – Caring, Global Teamwork and Continuous Improvement – are part of everything we do. † (â€Å"Colgate world of,† 2011). Colgate presents products in the line of household and personal care such as laundry detergents, health care products and Hill pet food. The case, Colgate's Distasteful Toothpaste, deals with ethical issues associated with Colgate’s repugnant toothpaste brand named Darkie. The term ethics refers to accepted principles of right and wrong that govern the conduct of a person, the members of a profession, or the action of an organization. Because it refers to accepted principles, these principles may change from country to country or from business to business. No two countries hold the same identical ethical values. Business ethics are the accepted principles of right and wrong governing the conduct or behavior of business people. According to the case at hand, the ethical issues arising are about the logo on the tooth paste â€Å"Darki† black man toothpaste. This is an ethical issue because the logo was very popular in the Asian market for years which meant that it was very well accepted and non-offensive in the market. But as soon as the word of such action was heard of in the US it was regarded as offensive and unacceptable. The argument was how in the world could this simple logo which had generated millions of dollars to the Colgate and Hawley and Hazel alliance be called offensive? The spokesperson from Hawley and Hazel pointed to the fact they had no problems because the market share was so high in Asia. It left a bad impression on the US consumers because culture was different. The trade mark or logo was singling out black people which were viewed as a form of racism by the US population. In the Asian community this was not a problem because there was not a large black population as compared to the US. In the US with the institution of slavery still fresh on the minds of the average American this ad did not sit well, so one can clearly see that in this case ethics had indeed been violated. Another case in point is that Colgate indicated that they had no plans of selling this product in the western world tells me that they were in this thing just for market share in the Asian market. And that they knew being a US company that it was expected of them not to be conducting that type business dealings with another country f the home country is not pleased with such an operation. Colgate did not care what the black or white Americans public thought or how they felt while promoting Darkie they had no problems, all they were looking at was the millions of dollars on the balance sheet. At the end of the day, there was no remorse or guilty feelings; it was just business as usua l for them. This type of action reflects total unethical behavior on the part of Colgate. In order for Colgate to enter the Asian market it had to first develop a plan of action or strategy. Strategic management is the process of determining the organization’s basic goals and objectives and setting out a plan of action to attain them. In this case Hawley and Hazel had dominated the Asian market for years with their Darkie product. The only chance Colgate saw of getting into this huge market without having to set up a production plant of its own was to go into a 50% partnership with Hawley and Hazel. The agreement of this deal was that Colgate was to have no managerial say in the decisions of the partnership. This was the strategy that Colgate took in order to gain access into the Asian market seeing that Darkie was so popular. All Colgate was focusing on was on market presence and money; it did not faze them that did not have a voice in the deal. That is why when thing took a nose dive they could not say a word and it took three years and tons of money to rectify the problems that they faced. In order for Colgate to handle the circumstance that arose, managerial privileges were the key. For Colgate the Asian market was the only driving force. If they had only kept their eyes on the true prize which are good reputation and customer loyalty and made sure that they had managerial rights it would have saved them many troubles. As a big company Colgate, should have made an attempt to enforce some kind of pressure on Hawley and Hazel to change the logo. Instead of just sitting back and saying we have no managerial power. With all that was going on with Colgate one would probably ask, why didn’t Colgate and Hawley and Hazel just change the advertising logo? The answer to this question comes in two parts. The first is the effects of brand name and the loyalty that is affiliated with that brand. A brand exhibits the special relationship and connection we forge with a product or service. Darkie had a brand name in the Asian market that the customers loved. The advertisement which portrayed a black man’s white teeth generated millions in sales. Once a company has a well established brand name, it is very difficult to change. Customers put their loyalty in brand names and if these names change for any reasons, customers might feel cheated and even abandon the brand. That is why it is very risky for any business or partnership venture to change advertising with out losing customers. Remember that advertising is the method by which the information about products is being circulated into the market place. The Darkie logo advertisement was the driving force behind the product and the customers had a special feeling towards it. Any drastic or even simple change might have created sway in their minds resulting in market loss, and no company wants to lose market share. This is why Colgate and Hawley and Hazel did nothing to change to the ad, and I think it was the possible reason why Colgate did not respond to the domestic complaints. In the end I think without a reasonable doubt that managerial rights played a huge role in this case. If Colgate had it I think it would have been able to handle the negative pressures better. Furthermore I think Colgate as the huge business that it is, was supposed to just take the bull by the horns and launch into the Asian market. Darkie might have been the dominate player in the Asian market but I think that Colgate had what it take to compete. I think also that if they had made the detailed analysis which they were known for and remained focus on the local cultural differences, eventually they would have became number one in the Asian market. Bibliography Colgate world of care. (2011). Retrieved from http://www.colgate.com/app/Colgate/US/Corp/LivingOurValues/CoreValues.cvsp

Arm Length and Heigh Investigation-Science

Arm Length and Height Investigation By: Teresa Gebhardt Our Hypothesis is that, there is a linear correlation between arm length and height. We believe from observing our fellow students in class that taller people have longer arms. We tested this hypothesis by measuring the 24 students arm length compared to their height. Testing this hypothesis is important so that we can solve our theory that taller people have longer arms. The control was one single student who measured the majority of the other students.Shoes were removed to ensure accuracy and we made everyone stand straight against the wall, when being measured to prevent imprecise measurements. We used a meter stick to measure arm length and measuring tape to measure height. We converted the inches from the measuring tape to meters so we had an exact unit. We measured from the tip of your longest finger to under the left arm’s armpit. Our sample size was 24 American students from the ages of 18- 21.The replicate measur es we used were measuring the arm length and height of the same subject (student) three times. We then took the average of those three answers, which were sufficiently similar. Our assumptions are that the wall is straight, the floor is leveled, and that we perfected the way to measure. We found that the taller you are the longer your arms are. The average length of my classes’ arm length is 1. 64M and the average height of my class is . 7 M.The data collected shows that arm length increases as height increases. We used a table with 5 columns labeled: Subject, Trial #, height, arm length, average. Our limitations are that we only tested 24 students. The majority were Americans but of different races. We tested boys and girls. We only tested students of the ages between 18-21. My suggestion for doing this experiment again would be to separate males from females to see if sex is a determinant.

The Causes And Effects Of World War Essays - Causes Of World War I

The Causes And Effects Of World War Essays - Causes Of World War I The Causes and Effects of World War What were the causes and effects of World War I? The answer to this seemingly simple question is not elementary. There was more to the onset of the war then the event of an Austrian prince being murdered in Serbia, as is what most people consider to be the cause of World War I. Furthermore, the effects of the war were not just concentrated to a post-war era lasting for a generation of Westerners. No, the effects of the war were widespread throughout the world and can be traced to generations after the war. It is not a rare occasion that when a person is asked what the causes of World War I were, that they answer with the simple comment of an Austrian Prince being shot in Serbia. However the assignation of the Archduke Francis Ferdinand and his wife, Sophie , in Sarajevo was not the main cause of the Great War. Rather, it was the breaking point for Austria in its dealings with Serbia. The truth of the matter is that several factors played a role in the outbreak of the catastrophic war the engulfed the nations of Europe for over four years. World War I truly was the result of building aggressions among the countries of Europe which was backed by the rise of nationalism. To add to the disastrous pot, there was also imperial competition along with the fear of war prompting military alliances and an arms race. All of these increased the escalating tensions that lead to the outbreak of a world war. (Mckay, pg. 904) Two opposing alliances developed by the Bismarckian diplomacy after the Franco- Prussian War was one of the major causes of the war. In order to diplomatically isolate France, Bismarck formed the Three Emperor?s League in 1872, which was an alliance between Germany, Russia, and Austria-Hungary. Then in 1882 , Bismarck took advantage of Italian resentment toward France and formed the Triple Alliance between Germany, Italy and Austria-Hungry. In 1890 Bismarck was dismissed from his office and France took the opportunity to gain an ally, therefore , in 1891 the Franco- Russian Entente was formed. Then in 1904 Britain and France put aside their conflicts and formed the Entente Cordiale. As a result , the Triple Entente , a coalition between Great Britain, France , and Russia, countered the Triple Alliance. Now Europe was divided up into two armed camps.(World Book Encyclopedia, WXYZ, pg. 367) Nationalism also played a major role in developing tensions in Europe; for it had been causing dissatisfaction since the Congress of Vienna in 1815. In that settlement the preservment of peace was chosen over nationalism, therefore, Germany and Italy were left as divided states, though they did unify in the future. The Franco- Prussian War in 1871 resulted in the France?s loss of the province of Alasce- Lorraine to Germany, and the French looked forward to regaining their lands. Then there was Austria- Hungary which controlled many lands that their neighbors felt belonged to them. Serbia wanted Bosnia and Hercegovina, Italy wanted the Trentino and Trieste regions, and the Czechs and Solvaks wanted independence from Austria- Hungrey. There was also Russia which had problems within it?s own boundaries; for Russia contained many different nationalities and many were also seeking independence in the name of nationalism. ( World Book Encyclopedia, WXYZ, pg. 366) Another major conflict that caused the outbreak of the Great War was what is known as the arms race. With the hostile divisions of the nations of Europe there came the expansion of armies and navies. Furthermore, the great powers came to copy Germany?s military organization and efficiency, which called for universal registration for military duty, large reserves and detailed planning. Efforts were made for universal disarmament, but the " international rivalry caused the arms race to continue to feed on itself. " (Karpilovsky, World Wide Web) Imperial competition also played a major rule in the act of increasing the ever growing tensions among the divided countries of Europe. In Africa there were two crises in Morocco. The first time, in 1905, Germany full heartedly supported Morocco?s call for independence from France, and with the British defending

Descartes Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Descartes - Essay Example nd republished in 1642, â€Å"Meditations of First Philosophy,† which covers a number of philosophical topics that he was heavily invested in discussed some of these topics. One of these topics includes the existence of God and whether or not such a thing could possibly exist. However Descartes lived in an era where the Catholic Church held a great deal of power. Had Descartes come to any other conclusion than an affirmative confirmation of God he might have been excommunicated from the Church or, worse, branded a heretic. So this begs the question did Descartes believe in God or was he padding his conclusions to avoid Church persecution? Descartes said, â€Å"†¦were it not the case that God really existed. By ‘God’ I mean the very being the idea of whom is within me, that is, the possessor of all the perfections which I cannot grasp†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Descartes 1-132). Descartes makes his case in the â€Å"Meditations† that there must be a God. It is like a geometric shape, constant, ever present, and unwavering. He supported his conclusions, essentially, based on the following reasons (Kurtin). Essentially this works out as God is perfect but man is not, which means that God must exist because an imperfect being would not be capable of conceiving of a perfect one. In fairness, there are a number of flaws in Descartes thinking on this topic. He makes an assumption that because humanity is flawed then God must be perfect. Because God is perfect then man could never have invented a perfect being. However, none of these lines of thinking ever offer tangible proof of the existence of God. If works from the perspective, a biased one, because people wanted to believe in God. It seems likely that that Descartes was no different. However, as a philosopher he could not consider the reality without reflection and thought. He wanted God to be real so he created a logic that allows God to be real. This sort of thinking serves the thinker very well, but may not be received as well by

MLA Formatting and Style Guide by Purdue OWL Essay - 10

MLA Formatting and Style Guide by Purdue OWL - Essay Example For instance, in case of expert users, the document needs to present facts through the use of figures and any available data, there is no need of definitions, explaining the data, background explanations and the writer can use abbreviations. This is different for writing other documents because one needs to explain things like terms, the user data and focus on the bigger picture. Visuals are important in the sense that they enhance the meaning of the document and easily create an understanding to the user on what the document is all about. Visuals play a significant role in attracting the attention of the end user to a particular document and help them multitask when reading a technical document. Visuals keep the user interested because they easily connect to the document. Training manuals are the choice of a technical communication document to use in my field. The document will be used to enhance classroom teaching by the professor and helps students understand better the subject at hand. The documents target students in institutions of higher learning and it’s best suited compared to any other technical communication document.